What is the critical section problem?

Making sure that no other process can execute in its critical part simultaneously while one is operating in its critical section (accessing shared resources) is the goal of the critical section problem.

What are the conditions for deadlock?

Deadlock occurs if the following four conditions are true simultaneously:

• Mutual Exclusion: Only one process can use a resource at a time.
• Hold and Wait: A process holding a resource is waiting for additional resources held by other processes.
• No Preemption: Resources cannot be forcibly taken from a process.
• Circular Wait: A set of processes are waiting for each other in a circular chain.

What are monitors in process synchronization?

High-level synchronization structures called monitors combine condition variables and mutual exclusion to offer a way to manage access to shared resources.

What are the different types of process termination?

• Normal Termination: The process completes its task and exits.
• Abnormal Termination: The process is terminated due to an error or an external signal.
• Killed: The process is forcibly terminated by another process or the OS.

What is the purpose of a process hierarchy?

A parent process has offspring processes in a process hierarchy, which arranges processes in a tree-like form. It facilitates efficient relationship, resource, and process control management.

What is the Banker’s Algorithm?

In order to keep the system safe, the Banker’s mechanism, a deadlock avoidance mechanism, verifies resource allocation.

What is two-level scheduling?

Two-level scheduling involves two layers:

• The first level decides which processes will be loaded into memory (long-term scheduling).
• The second level schedules processes in memory for CPU execution (short-term scheduling).

What is the difference between virtual memory and physical memory in process management?

• Virtual Memory: A logical memory abstraction that allows processes to use more memory than physically available through paging or segmentation.
• Physical Memory: Actual RAM available on the system.

What is swapping in process management?

In order to make memory available for other processes, swapping is transferring a process from the main memory to secondary storage, or swap space, and returning it as required.

What is process preemption?

When the OS forcibly takes over the CPU from an active process, usually to prioritize another process or handle an interrupt, this is known as process preemption.

What is a soft real-time system?

Soft real-time systems, which are frequently employed in multimedia and gaming applications, permit processes to infrequently miss their deadlines without having disastrous results.

What are named pipes and unnamed pipes in IPC?

• Unnamed Pipes: Provide communication between related processes (parent-child) and are temporary.
• Named Pipes: Allow communication between unrelated processes and persist in the filesystem.

What are named pipes and unnamed pipes in IPC?

• Unnamed Pipes: Provide communication between related processes (parent-child) and are temporary.
• Named Pipes: Allow communication between unrelated processes and persist in the filesystem.

What are sockets in IPC?

Processes can communicate with one another through sockets, usually across a network. They facilitate models of client-server communication.